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Typographical symbol (@)

@

At sign
In Unicode U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (HTML@· @)
Related
Encounter also U+FF20 ＠ FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT (HTML＠)
U+FE6B ﹫ SMALL COMMERCIAL AT (HTML﹫)

The at sign, @ , is normally read aloud as "at"; it is besides commonly chosen the at symbol, commercial at, or address sign. Information technology is used equally an accounting and invoice abbreviation meaning "at a rate of" (eastward.g. 7 widgets @ £2 per widget = £fourteen),[1] but it is at present seen more widely in email addresses and social media platform handles.

The absence of a single English word for the symbol has prompted some writers to utilise the French arobase [2] or Spanish and Portuguese arroba, or to coin new words such as ampersat [3] and asperand,[4] or the (visual) onomatopoeia strudel,[v] only none of these have achieved broad utilise.

Although not included on the keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters, it was on at least one 1889 model[6] and the very successful Underwood models from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. Information technology started to be used in electronic mail addresses in the 1970s, and is now routinely included on most types of reckoner keyboards.

History [edit]

@ symbol used every bit the initial "a" for the "amin" (amen) formula in the Bulgarian of the Manasses Chronicle (c. 1345).

@ used to signify French " à " ("at") from a 1674 protocol from a Swedish court ( Arboga rådhusrätt och magistrat )

The primeval yet discovered symbol in this shape is found in a Bulgarian translation of a Greek chronicle written by Constantinos Manasses in 1345. Held today in the Vatican Churchly Library, it features the @ symbol in place of the capital letter alpha "Α" as an initial in the discussion Amen, notwithstanding, the reason backside information technology existence used in this context is still unknown. The evolution of the symbol every bit used today is not recorded.

Whatever the origin of the @ symbol, the history of its usage is better known: it has long been used in Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese equally an abbreviation of arroba, a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived from the Arabic expression of "the quarter" ( الربع pronounced ar-rubʿ).[8] An Italian academic, Giorgio Stabile, claims to have traced the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent by Florentine Francesco Lapi from Seville to Rome on May iv, 1536.[9] The document is near commerce with Pizarro, in particular the price of an @ of wine in Peru. Currently, the give-and-take arroba ways both the at-symbol and a unit of weight. In Venetian, the symbol was interpreted to hateful amphora ( anfora ), a unit of measurement of weight and volume based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar since the 6th century.

Until now the outset historical document containing a symbol resembling an @ as a commercial 1 is the Spanish "Taula de Ariza", a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon in 1448; even though the oldest fully developed modern @ sign is the i institute on the to a higher place-mentioned Florentine letter.[9]

Mod use [edit]

Commercial usage [edit]

In contemporary English language usage, @ is a commercial symbol, meaning at and at the charge per unit of or at the toll of. It has rarely been used in financial ledgers, and is not used in standard typography.[x]

Trademark [edit]

In 2012, "@" was registered as a trademark with the German language Patent and Merchandise Mark Part.[11] A cancellation request was filed in 2013, and the cancellation was ultimately confirmed past the German Federal Patent Courtroom in 2017.[12]

Electronic mail addresses [edit]

A mutual contemporary use of @ is in email addresses (using the SMTP system), every bit in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located at the domain case.com). Ray Tomlinson of BBN Technologies is credited for having introduced this usage in 1971.[iv] [13] This idea of the symbol representing located at in the form user@host is also seen in other tools and protocols; for example, the Unix shell control ssh jdoe@case.cyberspace tries to establish an ssh connection to the figurer with the hostname example.cyberspace using the username jdoe.

On spider web pages, organizations oftentimes obscure email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @. This exercise, known as address munging, makes the electronic mail addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the internet for them.

[edit]

On some social media platforms and forums, usernames are in the form @johndoe; this blazon of username is oft referred to as a "handle".

On online forums without threaded discussions, @ is unremarkably used to denote a answer; for case: @Jane to respond to a comment Jane made earlier. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attending" in email messages originally sent to someone else. For case, if an e-mail was sent from Catherine to Steve, merely in the trunk of the email, Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something, Catherine will start the line @Keirsten to point to Keirsten that the following judgement concerns her. This likewise helps with mobile electronic mail users who might non see bold or color in e-mail.

In microblogging (such as on Twitter and GNU social-based microblogs), an @ before the user name is used to ship publicly readable replies (e.chiliad. @otheruser: Bulletin text here). The blog and customer software can automatically interpret these equally links to the user in question. When included as part of a person'southward or company's contact details, an @ symbol followed by a proper name is normally understood to refer to a Twitter handle. A similar use of the @ symbol was besides made bachelor to Facebook users on September 15, 2009.[14] In Internet Relay Chat (IRC), it is shown earlier users' nicknames to denote they have operator status on a aqueduct.

Sports usage [edit]

In American English the @ tin can be used to add information nigh a sporting upshot. Where opposing sports teams take their names separated by a "five" (for versus), the abroad team tin can exist written first – and the normal "5" replaced with @ to convey at which team'southward abode field the game volition be played.[15] This usage is not followed in British English, since conventionally the home team is written offset.

Computer languages [edit]

@ is used in various programming languages and other estimator languages, although there is not a consequent theme to its usage. For example:

  • In ALGOL 68, the @ symbol is brief form of the at keyword; it is used to change the lower leap of an array. For instance: arrayx[@88] refers to an array starting at index 88.
  • In ActionScript, @ is used in XML parsing and traversal equally a string prefix to identify attributes in contrast to child elements.
  • In the ASP.NET MVC Razor template markup syntax, the @ character denotes the start of code statement blocks or the kickoff of text content.[16] [17]
  • In Dyalog APL, @ is used every bit a functional mode to change or supervene upon information at specific locations in an array.
  • In CSS, @ is used in special statements outside of a CSS block.[18]
  • In C#, it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and 2 double-quote characters represent a single double-quote.[nineteen] As a prefix it also allows keywords to be used equally identifiers,[20] a grade of stropping.
  • In D, it denotes function attributes: like: @prophylactic, @nogc, user divers @('from_user') which can be evaluated at compile time (with __traits) or @property to declare properties, which are functions that can exist syntactically treated equally if they were fields or variables.[21]
  • In DIGITAL Command Language, the @ character was the command used to execute a control procedure. To run the control procedure VMSINSTAL.COM, i would type @VMSINSTAL at the command prompt.
  • In Forth, it is used to fetch values from the accost on the top of the stack. The operator is pronounced as "fetch".
  • In Haskell, it is used in so-chosen as-patterns. This notation tin be used to give aliases to patterns, making them more readable.
  • in HTML, it tin can be encoded as @ [22]
  • In J, denotes role composition.
  • In Java, it has been used to denote annotations, a kind of metadata, since version v.0.[23]
  • In LiveCode, it is prefixed to a parameter to betoken that the parameter is passed past reference.
  • In an LXDE autostart file (as used, for example, on the Raspberry Pi computer), @ is prefixed to a control to signal that the command should be automatically re-executed if information technology crashes.[24]
  • In ML, it denotes list concatenation.
  • In modal logic, specifically when representing possible worlds, @ is sometimes used as a logical symbol to announce the bodily earth (the globe we are "at").
  • In Objective-C, @ is prefixed to linguistic communication-specific keywords such equally @implementation and to form cord literals.
  • In Pascal, @ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a variable is establish).
  • In Perl, @ prefixes variables which contain arrays @array, including array slices @assortment[2..5,7,ix] and hash slices @hash { 'foo' , 'bar' , 'baz' } or @hash { qw(foo bar baz) } . This use is known equally a sigil.
  • In PHP, information technology is used merely before an expression to make the interpreter suppress errors that would be generated from that expression.[25]
  • In Python 2.4 and upwardly, information technology is used to decorate a function (wrap the function in another one at creation time). In Python three.5 and up, it is also used as an overloadable matrix multiplication operator.[26]
  • In Razor, it is used for C# lawmaking blocks.[27]
  • In Red, it functions every bit a sigil: @ prefixes example variables, and @@ prefixes class variables.[28]
  • In Scala, information technology is used to announce annotations (as in Java), and also to bind names to subpatterns in design-matching expressions.[29]
  • In Swift, @ prefixes "annotations" that can be applied to classes or members. Annotations tell the compiler to apply special semantics to the declaration like keywords, without adding keywords to the linguistic communication.
  • In T-SQL, @ prefixes variables and @@ prefixes "niladic" organization functions.
  • In several xBase-blazon programming languages, similar DBASE, FoxPro/Visual FoxPro and Clipper, it is used to denote position on the screen. For case: @one,1 SAY "Hullo" to testify the word "HELLO" in line ane, column 1.
    • In FoxPro/Visual FoxPro, it is also used to indicate explicit pass by reference of variables when calling procedures or functions (but information technology is not an address operator).[30]
  • In a Windows Batch file, an @ at the start of a line suppresses the echoing of that command. In other words, is the aforementioned every bit ECHO OFF practical to the current line only. Normally a Windows control is executed and takes effect from the next line onward, just @ is a rare instance of a command that takes effect immediately. It is near commonly used in the course @echo off which not merely switches off echoing simply prevents the command line itself from beingness echoed.[31] [32]
  • In Windows PowerShell, @ is used as array operator for array and hash table literals and for enclosing here-cord literals.[33]
  • In the Domain Name System (DNS), @ is used to stand for the $ORIGIN, typically the "root" of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain. (Ex: wikipedia.org vs. www.wikipedia.org)
  • In associates language, @ is sometimes used as a dereference operator.[34]

Gender neutrality in Spanish [edit]

Protester with imprint showing "La revolución está en nosotr@s"

In Spanish, where many words end in "-o" when in the masculine gender and finish "-a" in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as a gender-neutral substitute for the default "o" catastrophe.[35] For case, the word amigos traditionally represents not simply male person friends, only also a mixed group, or where the genders are not known. The proponents of gender-inclusive language would replace it with amig@due south in these latter two cases, and use amigos simply when the group referred to is all-male person and amigas only when the grouping is all female. The Real Academia Española disapproves of this usage.[36]

Other uses and meanings [edit]

X-SAMPA uses an @ as a substitute for ə, which information technology resembles in some fonts.

  • In (particularly English language) scientific and technical literature, @ is used to describe the weather condition under which data are valid or a measurement has been fabricated. E.g. the density of saltwater may read d = 1.050 g/cmiii @ 15 °C (read "at" for @), density of a gas d = 0.150 thou/L @ twenty °C, one bar, or noise of a car 81 dB @ eighty km/h (speed).[37]
  • In philosophical logic, '@' is used to denote the bodily world (in contrast to not-actual possible worlds).[ commendation needed ] Analogously, a 'designated' world in a Kripke model may exist labelled '@'.[ citation needed ]
  • In chemic formulae, @ is used to denote trapped atoms or molecules.[38] For case, La@C60 means lanthanum inside a fullerene muzzle. Meet article Endohedral fullerene for details.
  • In Malagasy, @ is an informal abbreviation for the prepositional form amin'ny.[ citation needed ]
  • In Malay, @ is an informal abbreviation for the word "atau", significant "or" in English.[ citation needed ]
  • In genetics, @ is the abbreviation for locus, equally in IGL@ for immunoglobulin lambda locus.[39]
  • In the Koalib linguistic communication of Sudan, @ is used as a letter of the alphabet in Arabic loanwords. The Unicode Consortium rejected a proposal to encode it separately as a letter in Unicode. SIL International uses Private Use Area code points U+F247 and U+F248 for lowercase and capital versions, although they have marked this PUA representation as deprecated since September 2014.[xl]
  • A schwa, every bit the actual schwa grapheme "ə" may be hard to produce on many computers. It is used in this capacity in some ASCII IPA schemes, including SAMPA and X-SAMPA.[ citation needed ]
  • In leet it may substitute for the letter "A".[ citation needed ]
  • It is oftentimes used in typing and text messaging as an abbreviation for "at".[41] [37]
  • In Portugal information technology may be used in typing and text messaging with the pregnant "french kiss" (linguado).[ citation needed ]
  • In online soapbox, @ is used by some anarchists as a substitute for the traditional circle-A.[ citation needed ]
  • Algebraic notation for the Crazyhouse chess variant: An @ between a slice and a square denotes a piece dropped onto that square from the actor's reserve.[42]

Names in other languages [edit]

In many languages other than English, although well-nigh typewriters included the symbol, the use of @ was less common before e-mail became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is often perceived in those languages every bit denoting "the Internet", computerization, or modernization in general. Naming the symbol afterwards animals is as well common.

  • In Afrikaans, information technology is called aapstert , meaning 'monkey tail', similarly to the Dutch use of the word (aap is the word for 'monkey' or 'ape' in Dutch, stert comes from the Dutch staart).
  • In Arabic, it is آتْ ( at ).
  • In Armenian, it is շնիկ ( shnik ), which means 'puppy'.
  • In Azerbaijani, information technology is ət ( at ) which ways 'meat', though most likely it is a phonetic transliteration of at.
  • In Basque, it is a bildua ('wrapped A').
  • In Belarusan, information technology is called сьлімак ( sʹlimak , significant 'helix' or 'snail').
  • In Bosnian, it is ludo a ('crazy A').
  • In Bulgarian, it is called кльомба ( klyomba – 'a badly written alphabetic character'), маймунско а ( maymunsko a – 'monkey A'), маймунка ( maimunka – 'little monkey'), or баница ( banitsa - a pastry roll often made in a shape like to the character)
  • In Catalan, it is called arrova (a unit of measure) or ensaïmada (a Mallorcan pastry, because of the similar shape of this food).
  • In Chinese:
    • In mainland Red china, it used to be called 圈A (pronounced quān A ), meaning 'circled A' / 'enclosed A', or 花A (pronounced huā A ), meaning 'lacy A', and sometimes equally 小老鼠 (pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ), meaning 'little mouse'.[43] Nowadays, for almost of Red china's youth, information technology is chosen 艾特 (pronounced ài tè ), which is the phonetic transcription from at.
    • In Taiwan, it is 小老鼠 (pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ), meaning 'little mouse'.
    • In Hong Kong and Macau, information technology is at.
  • In Croatian, it is most often referred to by the English word at (pronounced et), and less normally and more formally, with the preposition pri (with the addressee in the nominative example, not locative every bit per usual rection of pri ), pregnant 'at', ' chez ' or 'by'. Informally, it is chosen a manki, coming from the local pronunciation of the English word monkey. Annotation that the Croatian words for monkey, majmun, opica, jopec , šimija are not used to denote the symbol, except seldom the latter words regionally.
  • In Czech information technology is called zavináč, which means 'rollmops'; the same word is used in Slovak.
  • In Danish, it is snabel-a ('elephant's trunk A'). It is non used for prices, where in Danish à means 'at (per slice)'.
  • In Dutch, it is chosen apenstaart ('monkey'south tail'). The a is the kickoff character of the Dutch word aap which means 'monkey' or 'ape'; apen is the plural of aap . However, the utilize of the English at has become increasingly pop in Dutch.
  • In Esperanto, it is chosen ĉe-signo ('at' – for the email apply, with an address similar "zamenhof@esperanto.org" pronounced zamenhof ĉe esperanto punkto org ), po-signo ('each' – refers only to the mathematical utilise), or heliko (meaning 'snail').
  • In Estonian, it is called ätt , from the English word at.
  • In Faeroese, it is kurla, hjá ('at'), tranta , or snápil-a ('[elephant's] trunk A').
  • In Finnish, it was originally called taksamerkki ("fee sign") or yksikköhinnan merkki ("unit of measurement price sign"), just these names are long obsolete and now rarely understood. Nowadays, it is officially ät-merkki, co-ordinate to the national standardization found SFS; frequently also spelled at-merkki . Other names include kissanhäntä ('cat'south tail') and miuku mauku ('miaow-meow').
  • In French, information technology is now officially the arobase [44] [45] (besides spelled arrobase or arrobe), or a commercial (though this is nearly unremarkably used in French-speaking Canada, and should commonly simply exist used when quoting prices; it should e'er be called arobase or, better yet, arobas when in an electronic mail address). Its origin is the same as that of the Castilian give-and-take, which could be derived from the Arabic ar-roub (‏اَلرُّبْع‎). In France, it is also common (especially for younger generations) to say the English word at when spelling out an email address.[ citation needed ] In everyday Québec French, i often hears a commercial when sounding out an e-mail address, while Idiot box and radio hosts are more than likely to use arobase .
  • In Georgian, information technology is at , spelled ეთ–ი (კომერციული ეთ–ი, ḳomerciuli et-i ).
  • In German language, information technology has sometimes been referred to equally Klammeraffe (meaning 'spider monkey') or Affenschwanz (meaning 'monkeys tail'). Klammeraffe or Affenschwanz refer to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey[46] [ ameliorate source needed ] grabbing a branch. More than recently, information technology is usually referred to equally at , as in English.
  • In Greek, it is chosen παπάκι pregnant 'duckling'.
  • In Greenlandic, an Inuit linguistic communication, information technology is called aajusaq meaning 'A-like' or 'something that looks like A'.
  • In Hebrew, it is colloquially known as שְׁטְרוּדֶל ( shtrúdel ), due to the visual resemblance to a cross-department cut of a strudel cake. The normative term, invented past the Academy of the Hebrew Language, is כְּרוּכִית ( krukhít ), which is another Hebrew word for 'strudel', but is rarely used.
  • In Hindi, information technology is at , from the English word.
  • In Hungarian, it is called kukac (a playful synonym for 'worm' or 'maggot').
  • In Icelandic, information technology is referred to every bit atmerkið ("the at sign") or hjá, which is a directly translation of the English language word at.
  • In Indian English language, speakers frequently say at the charge per unit of (with east-mail addresses quoted as "example at the charge per unit of instance.com").[ citation needed ]
  • In Indonesian, it is normally et . Variations exist – especially if exact communication is very noisy – such as a bundar and a bulat (both meaning 'circled A'), a keong ('snail A'), and (most rarely) a monyet ('monkey A').
  • In Irish, information technology is ag (meaning 'at') or comhartha @/ag (significant 'at sign').
  • In Italian, information technology is chiocciola ('snail') or a commerciale, sometimes at (pronounced more ofttimes [ˈɛt] and rarely [ˈat]) or ad.
  • In Japanese, it is chosen atto māku (アットマーク, from the English words at mark). The give-and-take is wasei-eigo , a loan word from the English language linguistic communication.
  • In Kazakh, it is officially called айқұлақ ( aıqulaq , 'moon's ear').
  • In Korean, it is chosen golbaeng-i ( 골뱅이 , meaning 'bai top shells'), a dialectal form of whelk.
  • In Kurdish, it is at or et (Latin Hawar script), ئهت (Perso-Arabic Sorani script) coming from the English give-and-take at.
  • In Latvian, it is pronounced the same equally in English language, but, since in Latvian [æ] is written every bit "e" (not "a" every bit in English language), information technology is sometimes written as et .
  • In Lithuanian, it is pronounced eta (equivalent to the English at).
  • In Luxembourgish it used to be called Afeschwanz ('monkey tail'), merely due to widespread use, it is now called at , as in English language.
  • In Macedonian, information technology is called мајмунче ( majmunče , [ˈmajmuntʃɛ], 'fiddling monkey').
  • In Malay, it is called alias when it is used in names and di when it is used in e-mail addresses, di being the Malay word for 'at'. It is also commonly used to abbreviate atau which means 'or', 'either'.
  • In Morse lawmaking, it is known every bit a "commat", consisting of the Morse code for the "A" and "C" which run together as one character:   ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄. The symbol was added in 2004 for apply with electronic mail addresses,[47] the only official modify to Morse lawmaking since World War I.
  • In Nepali, the symbol is chosen "at the rate." Ordinarily, people will requite their email addresses by including the phrase "at the rate".[ commendation needed ]
  • In Norwegian, it is officially called krøllalfa ('curly alpha' or 'alpha twirl'), and unremarkably every bit alfakrøll . Sometimes snabel-a , the Swedish/Danish name (which means 'trunk A', as in 'elephant's trunk'), is used. Ordinarily, people will call the symbol [æt] (as in English), particularly when giving their email addresses.
  • In Western farsi, it is at , from the English word.
  • In Shine, it is unremarkably called małpa ('monkey'). Rarely, the English word at is used.
  • In Portuguese, it is called arroba (from the Arabic ar-roub , ‏اَلرُّبْع‎). The give-and-take arroba is besides used for a weight measure in Portuguese. One arroba is equivalent to 32 old Portuguese pounds, approximately 14.seven kg (32 lb), and both the weight and the symbol are called arroba . In Brazil, cattle are still priced past the arroba  – now rounded to 15 kg (33 lb). This naming is because the at sign was used to represent this measure out.
  • In Romanian, information technology is most ordinarily called at , but too colloquially chosen coadă de maimuță ("monkey tail") or a-rond . The latter is commonly used, and it comes from the word round (from its shape), but that is cypher similar the mathematical symbol A-rond (rounded A). Others call it aron , or la (Romanian word for 'at').

@ on a DVK Soviet computer (c.  1984)

  • In Russian, it is commonly chosen соба[ч]ка ( soba[ch]ka – '[footling] dog').
  • In Serbian, it is called лудо А ( ludo A – 'crazy A'), мајмунче ( majmunče – 'fiddling monkey'), or мајмун ( majmun – 'monkey').
  • In Slovak, it is chosen zavináč ('rollmop', a pickled fish whorl, as in Czech).
  • In Slovenian, information technology is chosen afna (an informal word for 'monkey').
  • In Spanish-speaking countries, it is called arroba (from the Arabic ar-roub , which denotes a pre-metric unit of weight. While in that location are regional variations in Spain, United mexican states, Colombia, Ecuador, and Republic of peru it is typically considered to correspond approximately eleven.v kg (25 lb).[ commendation needed ]
  • In Sámi (North Sámi), it is chosen bussáseaibi meaning 'cat'south tail'.
  • In Swedish, information technology is chosen snabel-a ('elephant's trunk A') or merely at , as in the English language language. Less formally it is likewise known equally kanelbulle ('cinnamon curlicue') or alfakrull ('blastoff coil').
  • In Swiss High german, information technology is commonly called Affenschwanz ('monkey-tail'). However, the use of the English word at has go increasingly popular in Swiss German, equally with Standard German.[ citation needed ]
  • In Tagalog, the word at ways 'and', then the symbol is used like an ampersand in colloquial writing such as text letters (e.chiliad. magluto @ kumain , 'cook and consume').
  • In Thai, it is usually called at , as in English.
  • In Turkish, it is commonly chosen et , a variant pronunciation of English at.[ commendation needed ]
  • In Ukrainian, it is commonly chosen ет ( et – 'at') or Равлик (ravlyk), which means 'snail'.
  • In Urdu, it is اٹ ( at ).
  • In Vietnamese, it is called a còng ('aptitude A') in the north and a móc ('hooked A') in the south.
  • In Welsh, it is sometimes known as a malwen or malwoden (both pregnant "snail").

Unicode [edit]

In Unicode, the at sign is encoded every bit U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (HTML@· @). The named entity @ was introduced in HTML5.[48]

Variants [edit]

Character information
Preview @ ＠ ﹫
Unicode name COMMERCIAL AT FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT Pocket-size COMMERCIAL AT
Encodings decimal hex december hex december hex
Unicode 64 U+0040 65312 U+FF20 65131 U+FE6B
UTF-8 64 40 239 188 160 EF BC A0 239 185 171 EF B9 AB
Numeric character reference @ @ ＠ ＠ ﹫ ﹫
Named character reference @
ASCII and extensions 64 40
EBCDIC (037, 500, UTF)[49] [fifty] [51] 124 7C
EBCDIC (1026)[52] 174 AE
Shift JIS[53] 64 40 129 151 81 97
EUC-JP[54] 64 40 161 247 A1 F7
EUC-KR[55] / UHC[56] 64 xl 163 192 A3 C0
GB 18030[57] 64 40 163 192 A3 C0 169 136 A9 88
Big5[58] 64 40 162 73 A2 49 162 78 A2 4E
EUC-TW 64 40 162 233 A2 E9 162 238 A2 EE
LaTeX[59] \MVAt

See likewise [edit]

  • ASCII
  • Circle-A
  • Enclosed A (Ⓐ, ⓐ)
  • Unicode

References [edit]

  1. ^ Meet, for case, Browns Index to Photocomposition Typography (p. 37), Greenwood Publishing, 1983, ISBN 0946824002
  2. ^ "Brusque Cuts" Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Car, Daniel Soar, Vol. 31 No. 10 · 28 May 2009 page xviii, London Review of Books
  3. ^ David Bowen (23 October 2011). "Bits & bytes". The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. … Tim Gowens offered the highly logical "ampersat" …
  4. ^ a b Jemima Kiss (28 March 2010). "New York's Moma claims @ every bit a blueprint classic". The Observer. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved fourteen December 2016.
  5. ^ "strudel". FOLDOC. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-21 .
  6. ^ "The @-symbol, function 2 of 2" Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Automobile, Shady Characters ⌂ The secret life of punctuation Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "La arroba no es de Sevilla (ni de Italy)". purnas.com. Jorge Romance. Archived from the original on 2019-ten-22. Retrieved 2009-06-30 .
  8. ^ "arroba". Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Archived from the original on 29 Oct 2012. Retrieved iii Baronial 2012.
  9. ^ a b Willan, Philip (2000-07-31). "Merchant@Florence Wrote It First 500 Years Ago". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2010-04-25 .
  10. ^ Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5), p.272. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
  11. ^ German Patent and Trademark Office, registration number 302012038338 Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ^ Bundespatentgericht, decision of 22 February 2017, no. 26 W (pat) 44/14 (online Archived 2019-03-22 at the Wayback Auto).
  13. ^ Ray Tomlinson. "The Beginning Email". BBN Technologies. Archived from the original on 2006-05-06.
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External links [edit]

  • commercial-at at the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
  • "The Accidental History of the @ Symbol ", Smithsonian magazine, September 2012, Retrieved October 2021.
  • The @-symbol, part 1, intermission, part 2, addenda, Shady Characters ⌂ The hush-hush life of punctuation August 2011, Retrieved June 2013.
  • "Daniel Soar on @", London Review of Books, Vol. 31 No. 10, 28 May 2009, Retrieved June 2013.
  • ascii64 – the @ book – costless download (creative commons) – past patrik sneyd – foreword past luigi colani) November 2006, Retrieved June 2013.
  • A Natural History of the @ Sign The many names of the at sign in various languages, 1997, Retrieved June 2013.
  • Sum: the @ Symbol, LINGUIST Listing 7.968 July 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
  • Where it'south At: names for a common symbol World Wide Words Baronial 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
  • U.k. Telegraph Article: Chinese parents choose to name their baby "@" August 2007, Retrieved June 2013.
  • Tom Chatfield tells the story of the @ sign on Medium
  • An amusing video from BBC Ideas [ permanent dead link ]

aguilartaintimand.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_sign

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